A Short History of Togo

Togo, a small West African nation, has a history shaped by ancient civilizations, European colonization, and political transitions from independence to modern governance. Over the centuries, Togo has been influenced by indigenous cultures, the transatlantic slave trade, German and French colonial rule, and post-colonial political struggles.

Ancient and Pre-Colonial History

Before European contact, present-day Togo was inhabited by various ethnic groups, including the Ewe, Mina, and Kabye. These groups migrated from neighboring regions, such as present-day Ghana, Benin, and Burkina Faso. The region’s economy revolved around agriculture, fishing, and local trade.

By the 16th century, Togo became a part of the transatlantic slave trade, as European traders from Portugal, the Netherlands, and later Britain and France established trading posts along the coast. Togo was part of the "Slave Coast", supplying enslaved Africans to the Americas.

European Colonization (1884–1960)

German Togoland (1884–1914)

In 1884, Germany established Togoland as a protectorate after signing agreements with local chiefs.

The Germans developed infrastructure, including railways and plantations, making Togoland one of the most economically productive German colonies.

However, the harsh German rule led to resistance, notably the Kotokoli and Ewe uprisings.

British and French Rule (1914–1960)

During World War I (1914–1918), British and French forces invaded Togoland, defeating the Germans.

In 1919, the League of Nations divided Togoland between Britain (western Togoland, now part of Ghana) and France (eastern Togoland, now Togo).

French Togoland remained under French colonial administration, with limited self-governance.

Path to Independence (1945–1960)

After World War II, African nationalism grew, and Togo began pushing for independence:

Sylvanus Olympio, a leading nationalist, demanded self-rule.

In 1956, a referendum was held in British Togoland, and it voted to join Ghana.

In 1960, French Togoland became independent as the Republic of Togo, with Olympio as its first president.

Post-Independence Political Struggles (1960–1990s)

First Coup and Military Rule (1963–1967)

1963: Olympio was assassinated in Africa’s first post-independence military coup, led by Gnassingbé Eyadéma.

1967: Eyadéma seized power and ruled as a dictator for 38 years.

Eyadéma’s Rule (1967–2005)

Established a one-party state under the Rally of the Togolese People (RPT).

Suppressed political opposition and ruled with military control.

Faced economic crises, leading to protests in the 1990s.

Transition to Multi-Party Democracy (1990s–Present)

1991: Pro-democracy protests forced Eyadéma to introduce multi-party elections.

2005: Eyadéma died, and his son, Faure Gnassingbé, took power, continuing the family’s rule.

Present: Togo remains under Gnassingbé’s leadership, with political opposition facing challenges.

Conclusion

Togo’s history is marked by colonial struggles, political instability, and long-term family rule. While it has experienced economic growth, challenges remain in governance, human rights, and democracy.